Previously we examined the global structure of a LaTeX file. In this lesson we will learn how to add even more structure to our texts by means of chapters, paragraphs, a table of contents, etc. We will also discuss tables and figures.
Recall that a document class is a collection of settings fitting a type of document. The document class can be adjusted with using
\documentclass[options]{class}
where options
is a list of options seperated by commas. For example,
the command
\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}
starts an article with text size 11pt and the layout for twosided printing on A4 paper.
There exist many document classes for LaTeX. Standard document classes are classes which are always available. The most important standard document classes are
class | document type |
---|---|
article |
articles in scientific journals, short reports, notes |
report |
longer reports with chapters, small books, theses |
book |
books |
beamer |
presentations |
Commonly used options for these document classes are
option | description |
---|---|
10pt , 11pt , 12pt |
adjusts the size of the text, default is 10pt |
a4paper , letterpaper |
adjusts the paper size, default depends on your distribution |
twoside , oneside |
determines whether the document is formatted for one-sided or two-sided printing |
Last week we saw how to typeset the topmatter using \author
,
\title
, \date
and \maketitle
. We will now discuss more commands to
structure text in an article
, report
or book
.
The following commands are used for chapters, sections and paragraphs:
command | level | |
---|---|---|
\chapter |
0 | (only in book and report ) |
\section |
1 | |
\subsection |
2 | |
\subsubsection |
3 | |
\paragraph |
4 |
The highest level in an article
is \section
and the highest level in
book
and report
is \chapter
.
The command \tableofcontents
creates a table of contents. If you
load the package hyperref
all its elements will be clickable.
Often, articles start with a summary. This can be typeset with an
abstract
environment.
For definitions, theorems, lemmas, etc. we use the package amsthm
.
This package introduces three layouts: plain
, definition
and
remark
. The preamble could for example contain
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem{remark}{Remark}
\newtheorem{example}{Example}
The command \newtheorem{name}{Header}
creates a new environment with
name name
and header Header
. The command \theoremstyle
determines
the layout.
The code above creates four environments: theorem
, definition
,
remark
and example
. The three different types of theorems all get a
different layout.
Theorem 1. Lorem ipsum.
Definition 1. Lorem ipsum.
Remark 1. Lorem ipsum.
Example 1. Lorem ipsum.
\begin{theorem}
Lorem ipsum.
\end{theorem}
\begin{definition}
Lorem ipsum.
\end{definition}
\begin{remark}
Lorem ipsum.
\end{remark}
\begin{example}
Lorem ipsum.
\end{example}
It can be seen that the environments are numbered automatically. By
default, every environment gets its own ‘counter’. It is customary (and
clear) to use the same counter for all environments. You can attach a
counter to an amsthm
environment by adding the name of the counter as
an optional argument in \newtheorem
. In the next example, every
environment uses the counter of theorem
.
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{Definition}[theorem]{Definitie}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}
\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example}
Proofs can be set in amsthm
with the proof
environment.
Tabels can be created with the tabular
environment.
\begin{tabular}{llr}
\hline
object & height (cm) & weight (kg) \\
\hline
monkey & 50 & 20\\
nut & 1 & 20\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
With the options l
, c
and r
you set the number of columns and the
alignment of text in a columm. You can make a horizontal line with
\hline
.
To add a number and caption to the table we use the table
environment.
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{llr}
\hline
object & height (cm) &w eight (kg) \\
\hline
monkey & 50 & 20 & 3\\
nut & 1 & 20 0.10 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Some properties of monkeys and nuts}
\label{tab:monkeynut}
\end{table}
We put the tabular
environment inside a table
environment. The
table
environment creates a so-called float. This is a box for
which LaTeX determines the location on the page. LaTeX tries to put
tables and figures together such that the text is interrupted as little
as possible. We used \label
to create a label in order to refer to
this table later on. If you want to create more professional tables you
could take a look at the booktabs
package.
More options can be found at
Wikibooks/Tables.
Figures can be inserted with the package graphicx
and the command
\includegraphics
. Supported extensions are pdf, png and jpg.
\includegraphics{figurename.extension}
The argument of includegraphics
is the name of the figure without its
extension. LaTeX will search in the folder containing the .tex
file
for a file with the given name and a supported extension. Therefore you
should watch out for files with the same name but a different extension:
LaTeX might choose the wrong file.
There also exists a float for figures, the figure
environment:
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{figuur}
\caption{Een figuur.}
\label{fig:voorbeeld}
\end{figure}
See Wikibooks/Importing Graphics for more options.
Last week we saw how to refer to formulas using \label
and \eqref
.
In the same way we can refer to chapters, section, theorems,
definitions, etc. For example we can refer to a \section
:
\section{Derivative}
\label{sec:derivative}
\section{Primitive}
In section \ref{sec:derivative} we saw the definition of a derivative.
For \part
, \chapter
, etc. referencing works in the same way. For
theorem environments you should put the label directly after
\begin{theorem}
. For floats like figure
and table
the label should
be put after the caption.
You have to compile twice for the right reference to appear. The first time you typeset your text, question marks will appear.
The advantage of referencing this way over referencing by hand is that the number will always be correct, even after you insert more text or change the order of the figures.
A bibliography can be created in the following way:
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
We refer to Lamport \cite{lamport94}.
\begin{thebibliography}{x}
\bibitem{lamport94}
Leslie Lamport,
\emph{\LaTeX: A Document Preparation System}.
Addison Wesley, Massachusetts,
2nd Edition,
1994.
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}
The bibliography is put in the thebibliography
environment. The
argument x
indicates that the counter for citations will consist of
one character. You can use xx
for up to 99 citations. A citation is
inside a \bibitem
. The first group after that is the label. We refer
to the source with \cite
plus the label of the citations.
We don’t recommand this way of citing for texts with many citations. You
could use bibtex, see Wikibooks/Bibliography
Management.
However, some publishers (e.g. Nature) don’t accept bibtex
files.
Make a very short LaTeX article with the following properties:
\label{lemmas}
and in the proof
section there is a reference to this label.